न्यायालय द्वारा जारी रिट के प्रकार – Types of Writs in Hindi

न्यायालय द्वारा जारी रिट के प्रकार – Types of Writs in Hindi

न्यायालय द्वारा जारी रिट के प्रकार – Types of Writs in Hindi

[Hindi**] संवैधानिक उपचारों सम्बन्धी मूलाधिकार का प्रावधान अनुच्छेद 32-35 तक किया गया है. संविधान के भाग तीन में मूल अधिकारों का वर्णन है. यदि मूल अधिकारों का राज्य द्वारा उल्लंघन किया जाता है तो राज्य के विरुद्ध न्याय पाने के लिए संविधान के अनुच्छेद 32 के अंतर्गत उच्चतम न्यायालय में और अनुच्छेद 226 के अधीन उच्च न्यायालय में रिट (writ) याचिका दाखिल करने अधिकार नागरिकों को प्रदान किया गया है. संविधान में निम्नलिखित आदेशों का उल्लेख (Types of Writs issued by the Courts) है –
  1. बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण (Habeas Corpus)
  2. परमादेश रिट (Mandamus)
  3. प्रतिषेध रिट (Prohibition)
  4. उत्प्रेषण लेख (Writ of Certaiorari)
  5. अधिकार पृच्छा (Quo Warranto)
[English**] The Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of Indian Constitution under Article 32. Thus the power to issue writs is primarily a provision made to make available the Right to Constitutional Remedies to every citizen. The Right to Constitutional Remedies, as we know, is a guarantor of all other fundamental rights available to the people of India.

In addition to the above, the Constitution also provides for the Parliament to confer on the Supreme Court power to issue writs, for purposes other than those mentioned above.

Similary High Courts in India are also empowered to issue writs for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.

बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण (HABEAS CORPUS)

[Hindi**] यह रिट (writ) उस अधिकारी (authority) के विरुद्ध दायर किया जाता है जो किसी व्यक्ति को बंदी बनाकर (detained) रखता है. इस रिट (writ) को जारी करके कैद करने वाले अधिकारी को यह निर्देश दिया जाता है कि वह गिरफ्तार व्यक्ति को न्यायालय (court) में पेश करे. इस रिट (writ) का उद्देश्य मूल अधिकार में दिए गए “दैहिक स्वतंत्रता के संरक्षण के अधिकार” का अनुपालन करना है. यह रिट अवैध बंदीकरण के विरुद्ध प्रभावी कानूनी राहत प्रदान करता है.

[English**] "Habeas Corpus" is a Latin term which literally means "you may have the body." The writ is issued to produce a person who has been detained , whether in prison or in private custody, before a court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.

परमादेश रिट (MANDAMUS)

[Hindi**] यह रिट (writ) न्यायालय द्वारा उस समय जारी किया जाता है जब कोई लोक अधिकारी अपने कर्तव्यों के निर्वहण से इनकार करे और जिसके लिए कोई अन्य विधिक उपचार (कोई कानूनी रास्ता न हो) प्राप्त न हो. इस रिट के द्वारा किसी लोक पद के अधिकारी के अतिरिक्त अधीनस्थ न्यायालय अथवा निगम के अधिकारी को भी यह आदेश दिया जा सकता है कि वह उसे सौंपे गए कर्तव्य का पालन सुनिश्चित करे.

[English**] Mandamus is a Latin word, which means "We Command". Mandamus is an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a public or statutory duty. This writ of command is issued by the Supreme Court or High court when any government, court, corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.

प्रतिषेध रिट (PROHIBITION)

[Hindi**] यह रिट (writ) किसी उच्चतर न्यायालय द्वारा अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के विरुद्ध जारी की जाती है. इस रिट (writ) को जारी करके अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों को अपनी अधिकारिता के बाहर कार्य करने से रोका जाता है. इस रिट के द्वारा अधीनस्थ न्यायालय को किसी मामले में तुरंत कार्रवाई करने तथा की गई कार्रवाई की सूचना उपलब्ध कराने का आदेश दिया जाता है.

[English**] The Writ of prohibition means to forbid or to stop and it is popularly known as 'Stay Order'. This writ is issued when a lower court or a body tries to transgress the limits or powers vested in it. The writ of prohibition is issued by any High Court or the Supreme Court to any inferior court, or quasi judicial body prohibiting the latter from continuing the proceedings in a particular case, where it has no jurisdiction to try. After the issue of this writ, proceedings in the lower court etc. come to a stop.

Difference between Prohibition and Certiorari:
  1. While the writ of prohibition is available during the pendency of proceedings, the writ of certiorari can be resorted to only after the order or decision has been announced.
  2. Both the writs are issued against legal bodies.

उत्प्रेषण लेख (WRIT OF CERTIORARI)

[Hindi**] यह रिट (writ) भी अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों (sub-ordinate courts) के विरुद्ध जारी किया जाता है. इस रिट (writ) को जारी करके अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों को यह निर्देश दिया जाता है कि वे अपने पास संचित मुकदमे के निर्णय लेने के लिए उस मुकदमे को वरिष्ठ न्यायालय अथवा उच्चतर न्यायालय को भेजें. उत्प्रेषण लेख का मतलब उच्चतर न्यायालय द्वारा अधीनस्थ न्यायालय में चल रहे किसी मुक़दमे के प्रलेख (documents) की समीक्षा (review) मात्र है, इसका तात्पर्य यह नहीं है कि उच्चतर न्यायालय अधीनस्थ न्यायालय के निर्णय के विरुद्ध ही हो.

[English**] Literally, Certiorari means to be certified. The writ of certiorari can be issued by the Supreme Court or any High Court for quashing the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority.

There are several conditions necessary for the issue of writ of certiorari .
  1. There should be court, tribunal or an officer having legal authority to determine the question with a duty to act judicially.
  2. Such a court, tribunal or officer must have passed an order acting without jurisdiction or in excess of the judicial authority vested by law in such court, tribunal or officer.
  3. The order could also be against the principles of natural justice or the order could contain an error of judgment in appreciating the facts of the case.

अधिकार पृच्छा (QUO WARRANTO)

[Hindi**] इस रिट (writ) को उस व्यक्ति के विरुद्ध जारी किया जाता है जो किसी ऐसे लोक पद (public post) को धारण करता है जिसे धारण करने का अधिकार उसे प्राप्त नहीं है. इस रिट (writ) द्वारा न्यायालय लोकपद पर किसी व्यक्ति के दावे की वैधता की जाँच करता है. यदि उसका दावा निराधार (not well-founded) है तो वह उसे पद से निष्कासन कर देता है. इस रिट के माध्यम से किसी लोक पदधारी को अपने अधिकार क्षेत्र से बाहर जाकर आदेश देने से रोका जाता है.

[English**] The word Quo-Warranto literally means "by what warrants?" or "what is your authority"? It is a writ issued with a view to restrain a person from holding a public office to which he is not entitled. The writ requires the concerned person to explain to the Court by what authority he holds the office. If a person has usurped a public office, the Court may direct him not to carry out any activities in the office or may announce the office to be vacant. Thus High Court may issue a writ of quo-warranto if a person holds an office beyond his retirement age.

Conditions for issue of Quo-Warranto
  1. The office must be public and it must be created by a statue or by the constitution itself.
  2. The office must be a substantive one and not merely the function or employment of a servant at the will and during the pleasure of another.
  3. There must have been a contravention of the constitution or a statute or statutory instrument, in appointing such person to that office.

संक्षेप में रिट (Writs in brief)

Type of Writ Meaning of the word Purpose of issue
Habeas corpus You may have the body To release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison or in private custody.
Mandamus We Command To secure the performance of public duties by lower court, tribunal or public authority.
Certiorari To be certified To quash the order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi judicial authority.
Prohibition Stay order To prohibit an inferior court from continuing the proceedings in a particular case where it has no jurisdiction to try.
Quo Warranto What is your authority? To restrain a person from holding a public office which he is not entitled.

रिट के वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न (Objective Questions on Writs)

1. Which of the following writs is said to be a guarantor of personal freedom?
  1. Mandamus
  2. Quo Warranto
  3. Habaes Corpus
  4. Certiorari
2. Which of the following writs can be used against a person believed to be holding a public office he is not entitled to hold?
  1. Mandamus
  2. Quo Warranto
  3. Habaes Corpus
  4. Certiorari
3. The power to issue writs has been envisaged under the provisions of which of the following fundamental rights?
  1. Right to Equality
  2. Right to Freedom
  3. Right to Constitutional Remedies
  4. Right against Exploitation
4. Which of the following writs can be issued to force a public authority to perform a public or statutory duty.?
  1. Mandamus
  2. Habeas corpus
  3. Certiorari
  4. Quo Warranto
5. Match the names of writs in List I with their meanings in List II.

Type of Writ
List I
Meaning of the word
List II
Habeas corpus A. We Command
Mandamus B. What is your authority?
Certiorari C. You may have the body
Quo Warranto D. To be certified
  1. 1 - B; 2 - D; 3 - A; 4 - C
  2. 1 - B; 2 - A; 3 - D; 4 - C
  3. 1 - C; 2 - D; 3 - A; 4 - B
  4. 1 - C; 2 - A; 3 - D; 4 - B

Answers: 1 - (c); 2 - (b); 3 - (c); 4 - (a); 5 - (d)